Executive Summary

​​The Libraries Advancing Community Learning to Reduce Substance Use (LACL) forum was convened to explore how public libraries can expand their capacity to support individuals and communities impacted by, or who want to reduce, their substance (drugs and/or alcohol) use. The two-day forum brought together 55 library professionals from a broad range of settings—urban, suburban, and rural. Participants included library directors, adult services librarians, library social workers, and many more. Through thematic sessions on harm reduction, bibliotherapy, readers’ advisory and reading groups, substance use recovery, and creating social connections, participants engaged in collaborative discussions to imagine new pathways for libraries to support healthier communities.

Key takeaways from these conversations include:

• Harm reduction is about meeting people where they are, whether that be to safely use, seek information, seek resources such as treatment, or seek help and support for self or family members around substance use. Libraries need templates or frameworks that address common legal, ethical, and practical questions around harm reduction so they can craft local solutions. Among participants, common harm reduction strategies included supporting access to nasal (and in some cases, injected) naloxone, and creating areas of the library with information about recovery.
• Bibliotherapy refers to using books for therapeutic purposes. Participants felt more comfortable developing bibliotherapy solutions in partnership with mental health professionals, rather than facilitating bibliotherapy directly. Many preferred the idea of group bibliotherapy – book discussions, support circles – with a trained facilitator, rather than working with individuals. In general, participants were curious about bibliotherapy and learning more about how books can help with recovery.
• Library-led book groups have a purpose, a defined group, and a defined topic or theme. Participants discussed how book groups can play a role in supporting Substance Use Disorder (SUD), including how book groups can bridge the gap between people who use substances and allies, as well as help communities understand the structural factors that contribute to SUD.
• Social workers and peer navigators commonly work in and in partnership with public libraries, and they can have a transformative impact on libraries and their communities. Models for collaboration vary depending on location and library size, but one common strategy discussed was the idea of libraries convening together multiple agencies or providers through resource days or fairs, which could set libraries up for more intensive discussions about long-term collaborations.
• Libraries are more than access points for materials—they are vital hubs for social connection that can mitigate loneliness and isolation. Many people experience loneliness, and people with SUD are sometimes stigmatized and thus are not always connected to others in their communities. Participants discussed the different passive and active programming they offer that brings people together, as well as how to facilitate social connections around difficult topics like SUD, death, and recovery.

The forum ended with a discussion on next steps in this process, with a focus on what libraries and their partners need to make a difference in their communities in regards to creating a safe haven for everyone, including those experiencing problems with substance use and their families. Key discussion points included:

• The critical need to build buy-in among key stakeholders – library staff, library boards, library patrons – around why the library is making this issue a priority
• The need to ensure libraries are connected to state and national efforts focused on this topic, which can offer both tangible resources (e.g., Narcan) as well as intangibles like support and guidance
• Communication was a key topic: Libraries expressed a desire for more support on how to talk about substance use, recovery, and related topics
• Reaching out to partners: Libraries wanted more help establishing, maintaining, and leveraging partnerships with others focused on these topics

The next step in this process is the construction of a toolkit based on participants’ input.

Introduction

This white paper presents the rationale, method, and results of a national forum that sought to introduce and/or reinforce library workers’ knowledge of and commitment to people in their communities who want to change their relationship with substances or who are affected by substance use disorder. Here, “substances” includes prescribed and non-prescribed drugs and alcohol. Public libraries have, for years, served as a community center or third space (Waters, 2023). In recent years, libraries have taken on a more prominent role in the wellness sector by hosting exercise classes and health screenings, serving as connectors to social services, and sometimes by employing social workers or peer navigators. While the health-related role is generally positively perceived, there are caveats regarding what libraries can do, how health-related services fit into the overall mission of the library, and how the presence of people with substance use disorder (SUD) affects the safety of the library space. These general themes are seen in the literature (Philbin et. al., 2019;  Lenstra & McGehee, 2024) and also arose during the forum.

Aside from a distinct role as health connectors, libraries also function as social connectors, inside and outside of the library. Librarians create programs for intentional social interaction and create space for informal interactions. Outside of the library, librarians might take books to homebound people while doing wellness checks or food delivery, or work with agencies and nonprofits on joint outreach programs. Such services have the potential to go beyond the simple delivery of resources. They situate libraries firmly in the center of the public health ecosystem, tackling what Vivek Murthy, U.S. Surgeon General, identified as the modern health epidemic of loneliness (U.S. Office of the Surgeon General, 2023). 

Both loneliness and social isolation contribute to substance use (Ingram et. al., 2020). Librarians can address this vital need in their communities by creating programs that address both social connections and substance use through targeted programs for people experiencing SUD, their families, or the general public. Librarians can increase access to tools that save lives (e.g., Narcan), provide help and hope, and create a culture of understanding so that people can obtain access to the information and resources they need as they need them. These goals can be accomplished through passive means (e.g., creating ‘recovery corners’ where people obtain supplies and literature), active means (e.g., bibliotherapy and reading groups), and/or by hiring social workers who can provide help and support to people in the midst of a crisis. However, librarians need effective tools to accomplish these tasks, and that begins by raising awareness of the library’s role as a source of connection for people in crisis. 

One familiar method of bringing people together facilitated by librarians has been traditionally accomplished through reference services, reader’s advisory, and book groups. Libraries have a strong history of supporting reading clubs and groups inside and outside of the library. In fact, many librarians pursue librarianship because they believe in the power of reading. Research gives credence to the belief that reading is beneficial to personal development at all ages and stages of a person’s life (Ross et al., 2018). Many graduate programs in library science offer classes in Readers’ Advisory (RA); the methods taught in those classes often focus on appeal factors (Saricks, 2005) or how to connect a reader to a ‘good book’ that the reader will enjoy. Using books for therapeutic purposes (bibliotherapy or BT) is less well-known among librarians, at least in the U.S. BT is more purposeful in its relation to self-development than RA, and it can be used with individuals or in groups. The U.K. has developed a “Books on Prescription” service so that librarians can informally contribute to mental health efforts, and now many libraries have BT collections (Brewster et al., 2013). Dali et. al. (2016) stress that BT “requires specialized knowledge, [but] librarians can receive specialized training or become expert partners on multi-professional BT teams” (“Introduction”, para. 1). While some libraries host SUD recovery groups, the idea of connecting BT and SUD in libraries remains only loosely explored. The Librarian’s Guide to Bibliotherapy (Ward & Allred, 2024) provides librarians with approaches to support individuals or groups in recovery. 

Beyond BT, librarians at the Denver and Kalamazoo Public libraries have developed peer navigator programs that employ (or host as volunteers) people in recovery who have achieved stable life conditions (Chant, 2017; Tocker Foundation, 2024). The Appalachian Regional Library created a Good Neighbor Big Read project in 2019 that brought community partners and patrons together to offer support for SUD recovery (Blackburn, 2019). While librarians are not therapists, they can bring together needed information with social support in a trusted community setting (Walwyn & Rowley, 2011; Bossaller et al, 2023). Books, movies, and music collections; book displays; reading guides; and resource guides (Grove, 2020) are tangible means of reaching people in or those considering recovery. Librarians can also create fliers and other resources about SUD prevention, similar to the way they might about other health-related topics like heart attack or stroke prevention (Perdue, 2006). Partnerships with professionals who are trained to facilitate therapeutic programming, such as social workers and healthcare organizations, might also provide staff training, resource development, and support for harm reduction strategies in libraries.

As a response to these needs in substance abuse support and social connectivity, the Libraries Advancing Community Learning to Reduce Substance Use (LACL) forum was convened to explore how public libraries can expand their capacity to support individuals and communities impacted by substance use. Organized by Jenny Bossaller (University of Missouri), Emily Vardell and Bobbie Sartin Long (Emporia State University), Noah Lenstra (University of North Carolina at Greensboro), and April Roy (Kansas City Public Library), the two-day forum brought together 55 library professionals from a broad range of settings—urban, suburban, and rural. Through thematic sessions on harm reduction, bibliotherapy, readers’ advisory and reading groups, substance use recovery, and creating social connections, participants engaged in collaborative discussions to imagine new pathways for libraries to support healthier communities. 

This white paper synthesizes the insights and innovations generated during the LACL forum. It aims to inform stakeholders—library leaders, health professionals, policy makers, and funders—of libraries’ growing role in substance use prevention and recovery, particularly through socially connected programming and services.

The LACL Forum

Overview:

The LACL Forum brought together people from large and small, rural, suburban, and urban libraries with the intention of learning, sharing, and creating a community of practice to gather feedback on the materials that we produced as a result of the forum. The meeting planners worked with the Kansas City Public Library (KCPL) to host the forum. The Plaza Branch has an auditorium and an adjoining meeting room. Day 1 included Sessions 1-3, and Day 2 included sessions 4 and 5; breakfast and a working lunch provided the participants with fuel and time to create connections. 

Each session included a one-hour presentation by expert speakers followed by an hour of small-group work in which participants were given a list of key discussion questions based on the speakers’ discussion points. The following section summarizes (1) the speaker’s main points and (2) the small-group work. Representative quotes are indented and in italics. Identifying information has been removed, and the quotes were lightly edited for clarity.

Thematic Units and Key Takeaways

Session 1: Addiction and Recovery through the lens of harm reduction (Casey Johnson)

“Harm reduction is a social justice movement built on a belief in, and respect for, the rights of people who utilize drugs” (Johnson, 2025). Harm reduction includes (but is not limited to) providing and/or administering Narcan, providing safe needle exchange, etc.). Harm reduction strategies are designed to eliminate deaths and infections related to drug use. People who have harm reduction strategies used in an intervention are five times more likely to enter treatment for substance abuse (Johnson, 2025). Essentially, harm reduction is about meeting people where they are, whether that be to safely use, seek information, seek resources such as treatment, or seek help and support for self or family members around substance use. Libraries across diverse communities are increasingly engaged in harm reduction and recovery support, but efforts vary dramatically depending on local context, community readiness, leadership, and resources. 

Strategies and Activities

Narcan Access is one of the easiest and most effective methods of preventing opioid-related deaths. However, many people – librarians and the general public – are uncomfortable with easy access to Narcan. Generally speaking, Narcan is widely available to libraries, and some libraries distribute it to the public through various means such as vending machines/kiosks. Others have it available only for staff administration. Libraries can acquire Narcan through partnerships with health departments, harm reduction collectives, or external grants. Our participants reported that their relationships with drug courts, shelters, and other community groups help them build relationships with people in need of resources. 

We have Narcan available, but only staff-side, although we do put some in our public restroom if we have extra. We get it from our local AIDS Support Group of Cape Cod, which comes to train staff annually on how to administer it. We also have a collaboration with a local medical facility that focuses on unhoused patients (lots of intersection with substance use issues), and they come weekly with a mobile health unit and park in front of the Library and hook up to our water.

Resource tables, Training, and Education: Creating areas of the library with information about recovery (“Recovery corners”) is an effective way to discreetly provide information and destigmatize seeking help for substance abuse disorder. Some libraries invest in comprehensive staff training (trauma-informed care, de-escalation), while others have not created or encouraged training in this area. Staff buy-in depends heavily on education, exposure, and advocacy from their leadership; the library director and board must be on board to create a culture of harm reduction. Library staff should be prepared to advocate, explain, and educate the public on why the library is involved in harm reduction. This can be done through formal educational events (public Narcan clinics) and informal education events (resource distribution, conversation spaces).

Librarians need more training on social equity/sociological issues/economic and class issues. Librarians, being aware of how systemic inequality affects their patrons, would go a long way towards crafting more understanding and empathy. Homelessness is sometimes seen as a personal failing, as well as addiction issues, which can come along with it. 

Barriers to Implementation

Stigma, legal hurdles, and internal resistance: Many of our participants reported that in their community, harm reduction activities are associated with enabling or condoning drug use. Their efforts to destigmatize Narcan distribution have been met with negative reactions from their community, board, and local government. 

There has been pushback within the community because they feel as though it is “helping” or “supporting” drug use, even when it’s beneficial (needle exchange vs. dumping needles on public roads.)

Participants are told library social work ‘isn’t library work’ or that it is ‘job creep.’ However, libraries often serve as a catchall for intersecting crises: homelessness, food insecurity, mental health, many of which intersect with drug use. Some states or counties are especially hostile towards such crises, and harm reduction strategies might put libraries at risk of funding cuts or political backlash.

Furthermore, library policies about Narcan distribution or administration are often unclear or nonexistent. Many staff have concerns about their physical or emotional safety in regards to administering Narcan. 

Staff not wanting to intervene or board members who are not willing to implement potentially controversial changes.

They often experience compassion fatigue and overwork, and some aren’t sure how to establish healthy boundaries when trying to help people who are experiencing addiction (they also referred to this as “toxic charity”). While they might be committed, not all staff are willing to be trained, and a high staff turnover can impede consistency in knowledge and attitude. Additionally, there are fears about liability (e.g., when do Good Samaritan laws apply?). In short, there is a widespread misunderstanding of the principles and tools of harm reduction, and the practical and ethical boundaries in this work are unclear. 

One library policy is not to render aid – no matter what – b/c of liability – extends to naloxone- would have to take off name tag – go on break and then administer naloxone – option is there – just creating an option is a starting point.

Funding and Sustainability: Many libraries gain funding for harm reduction or related activities, so they begin with an initial influx of money. Their success with grants or beginning programs often depends on their community demographics. Ongoing financial stability for these programs is a recurring concern. Furthermore, many libraries do not have appropriate spaces for private consultations or a secure space for the distribution of materials (including Narcan or harm reduction supplies). 

I would like to expand our Narcan offerings to all branches of our library system. There is some subtle pushback from some of the branch managers to bring Narcan into their libraries due to the fear of public pushback. The smaller branches argue that the Public Health vending machines are capable of meeting the needs of their communities, yet these vending machines are often placed in locations that people who use drugs may feel stigmatized visiting, I.E. a location right next to a probation department or a police precinct. 

Approaches to Advocacy and Change

Humanization and Storytelling: The most effective way to approach advocacy is by sharing personal stories, “Stories of Impact,” and patron stories to build empathy and support for services. However, the use of personal stories must be done carefully and with the consent of participants. Statistics bolster the stories: local health statistics and case studies provide a more objective viewpoint that can help sway skeptics. Librarians should frame harm reduction approaches in terms of roles that are familiar, such as public health, emergency response, and information services. 

Helping people understand that harm reduction is a way to save lives, so that people are able to create change in their lives, is key. Engaging in proactive, partnership-based advocacy rather than “missionary” or savior approaches is crucial. 

I used the term life and death a lot, this is a life or death issue – there is a young teenage girl who overdosed right in the front yard of the library – vape laced with fentanyl. It doesn’t just affect  the stereotypical population, it affects our own children.

Creating and empowering Champions: Growing internal advocates (“champions”) is pivotal for shifting organizational culture. The library should create opportunities for stakeholders (boards, partners, patrons) to co-create solutions, so that they understand that they have a stake in the process as well. Change happens through “baby steps,” and then gradually expands; there is a need to create low-risk entry points for the library and stakeholders to begin holding talks and creating change. 

Partner with other places, go to partner field trips for staff. Do it within a walking radius so staff know where customers are going. We went to one of the local day shelters. For a lot of staff, myself included, it was the first time actually going there. We took flyers and information. If you can’t put up signage within your library, make sure your partners know about the library. 

Addressing Practicalities: Libraries need templates or frameworks that address common legal, ethical, and practical questions so that they can begin to craft local solutions. They also need to develop clear metrics and evaluation strategies for harm reduction work so that they can justify continued work and advocate for funding so that programs are both politically popular and sustainable.

Emergent Best Practices: 

1. Meet people where they are (1) physically, by realizing the library as a point of contact and refuge, and then making resources available and visible to people where they need them, and (2) interpersonally, by building relationships with people and avoiding judgment. 
2. “Nothing about us without us”: Involving people who use drugs as well as their families and local partners in the design of programs will ensure that the programs actually meet the needs of the people who need the services. 
3. Normalize Harm Reduction: Frame it alongside other safety and public health practices.
4. Focus on Training and Support: Ongoing training, including on compassion fatigue and trauma-informed care, is essential.
5. Adaptive Policy: Tailor policies to local needs, legal context, and available resources; periodic policy review can help reduce confusion and resistance.

Conclusion

The responses reveal a library field grappling with profound social needs, deeply-rooted stigma, and the boundaries of its mission. Leadership, community engagement, and normalized, empathetic approaches are essential. Progress is real—but uneven and precarious—and long-term success will depend on the ability to adapt, partner, and reflect on both institutional and individual biases.

Session 2: The Promise and the Shortfall of Bibliotherapy and the Power of Human Connection (Keren Dali)

This session focused on the limitations of what librarians can do in regards to bibliotherapy. Just as librarians are aware of their limitations regarding financial or medical advice, they should be aware of limitations regarding the therapeutic effects of books and recommended reading. Bibliotherapy requires training; books do not always have a positive effect on people, but can also be triggering or cause harmful emotional responses.

Readers’ Advisory (RA) Versus Bibliotherapy: comfort and qualifications.

The participants expressed some confusion about and discomfort with bibliotherapy. They also strongly emphasize the distinction between Readers’ Advisory (RA) and bibliotherapy. Some of the key differences that they discussed were:

1. Bibliotherapy was commonly seen as outside the traditional scope of librarianship, better left to trained professionals (e.g., therapists, social workers). Library staff are more comfortable referring to or partnering with mental health professionals, rather than facilitating bibliotherapy directly.
2. Both RA and bibliotherapy involve recommending books, but bibliotherapy implies a therapeutic intent or outcome. RA is about interest and enjoyment, bibliotherapy is about need, and possibly healing or change. Bibliotherapy often involves deeper knowledge of the reader/patron, assessment of triggers/needs, and sometimes follow-up or integration into a broader treatment plan; RA is less formal and more customer-driven.
3. Bibliotherapy was seen as “prescriptive,” whereas RA is “descriptive” and more about offering options and choice.

Bibliotherapy is similar to readers advisory in that a book is being suggested based on patron interest, but bibliotherapy takes Readers Advisory outside of the wheelhouse of the librarian by implying that a suggested book will have a definitive positive impact on the reader. Bibliotherapy, as defined by the presentation, is best practiced by a trained therapist or in a group therapy setting.

There is a widespread desire for clear boundaries and disclaimers (e.g., “We are not therapists”), much like disclaimers used for legal or tax questions. It is safer to think of staff as facilitators of access and conversation, not as therapeutic guides. Strong guidance was given to not overpromise outcomes (“don’t guarantee solutions”), to diagnose or ‘fix’ a problem. Beware the risks of the “wrong book, wrong person, wrong time.” Also, librarians should be attuned to patrons’ reading level and cultural background. If bibliotherapy is implemented, best practices include:

1. Never acting as a substitute for therapy
2. Always providing context for recommendations
3. Letting patrons take the lead on what to read
4. Avoiding assumptions about patron needs
5. Educating staff about boundaries and legal/ethical issues
6. Patrons should always have agency and choice in reading for therapeutic purposes

Create talking points with clear boundaries around the fact that librarians are not therapists, similar to tax prep season–librarians are not tax professionals disclaimer.

Reading can provide both positive (empathy, escape, reflection, connection, learning) and negative (triggering, escapism, reinforcement of problematic behaviors or misinformation, especially in youth) outcomes, and the impact of a book is highly individual—what is helpful or healing for one reader may be harmful or unhelpful to another.

Participants noted that reading can be an outlet, a tool for learning (both fiction and non-fiction), and a resource that participants return to during recovery.

A Million Little Pieces created so much empathy for me, my parents were drug users and I judged them so harshly before.

In general, in conjunction with professional support, readers who are motivated and open to the approach, bibliotherapy can be used as an adjunct or supportive tool, or in cases of community support groups led by qualified facilitators who use bibliotherapy to empower readers rather than assume results.

We like the concept of the interdisciplinary team with librarians as consultants.

Facilitation: Preferences and Program Development

Many preferred the concept of group bibliotherapy (e.g., book clubs, discussion groups, support circles), with a trained facilitator, over individual bibliotherapy. Groups can feel less clinical, provide peer support, and offer multiple perspectives, but require strong guidelines for safety and respect. Individual bibliotherapy can be more personal and tailored, but also raises privacy, responsibility, and boundary challenges. Comfort with either approach was linked to the presence of a qualified leader and voluntary participation.

Partnerships with social workers, therapists, counselors, schools, health departments, and nonprofits are seen as essential. The participants discussed many different groups their libraries might consider for bibliotherapy, including substance users and those in recovery, unhoused persons, youth/teens, caregivers, trauma survivors, prisons, shelters, support groups (AA, NA, etc.), families, and more.

Success depends on trust, transparency, and sensitivity. Libraries should offer space, books, and structure, but rely on professionals for therapeutic engagement. There was a strong call for staff to know what NOT to do and to remain aware of their professional limits. Programs should be voluntary, accessible, and inclusive, and as with other forms of RA, staff should refrain from ‘gatekeeping’ and from any judgment about what patrons read.

Libraries are a good place for recovery groups – this may be a safer space than churches based on people’s life experiences. Attendance can cause challenges for groups, though – people might not regularly attend. 

A group provides more distance between books and readers and takes you more out of the role of counselor.

Other Insights and Questions:

Participants expressed concerns about the risks or optics of a library getting involved in anything resembling treatment. Will the library be able to protect privacy, dignity, and autonomy?

They also emphasized the importance of ongoing reflection, discussion, and formative evaluation, recognizing the risks of burnout, compassion fatigue, and “scope creep.”

The participants’ reflections demonstrate a strong culture of care, caution, and community engagement in library practice—a desire to support patrons’ well-being without overstepping professional boundaries.

How can libraries help people connect around the books that help them or have helped them, without it being bibliotherapy? If it’s the same as with regular therapy, people take different things out of it depending on what their level of need is, the people who utilize therapy may not be the ones who need it most – and same with finding the right book for the right reader at the right time (but it’s not therapy.)

Session 3: Using Library Collections and Reading Groups to Foster Connection (Kaite Stover)

Library-led book groups are different from friends’ book groups. A successful library book group:

• is not a ‘club,’ which has connotations of exclusiveness
• has a purpose or a statement of intent
• a defined group for whom it is intended (demographic info)
• a defined topic or theme for the discussion (e.g., mental health, recovery, social justice)

To increase success, the library could tie the book group in with other community events or groups to expand reach and awareness. Programmers can create book groups or events centered on themes like “Be Kind to Your Mind: Mental Health is Health,” Pride Month, and Recovery Month. These themes can be paired with talkbacks, journaling kits, takeaway resources, alternating book discussions with guest speakers, and pairing fiction with non-fiction or articles for broader impact.

The library’s responsibilities include coordinating and communicating all details like meeting times, length, space (in-person, hybrid, virtual), budgeting for staff time, materials, refreshments, marketing, and ensuring that books in various formats (large print, e-books, audiobooks) are available for accessibility needs. They should consider the availability of transportation and scheduling for diversity of needs (e.g., bus schedule, school time, etc.). Further, they should consider shared resources (e.g., kits from the state library) and grant-writing to source books. The facilitator has a responsibility to set and communicate group expectations and norms. 

However, the library should also encourage public input, build in the ability to adapt to attendance and changing interests, and allow for episodic or drop-in participation. The presentation can include both general advice for library book groups, and some that is specific to the more sensitive programming, such as SUD.  The library should evaluate events to adapt based on attendance, interest, and feedback; and be open to evolving the format or focus.

Book Selection

• Patron-driven Choices: Let participants vote or suggest titles, increasing buy-in.
• Theme & Community Fit: Select books that resonate with group interests, current events, Awareness Months, or align with library strategic initiatives.
• Variety and Accessibility: Offer various genres, formats, and complexity to be inclusive; avoid new releases that may have limited access.
• Discussability and Relevance: Favor books with rich themes, timely topics, or controversy (in a safe way) to spur discussion.
• Trigger Warnings and Sensitivity: Particularly with sensitive topics (addiction, trauma, etc.), provide disclaimers and check for triggers.

We thought that a “bridging the gap” book group might be a good idea for a book group that addresses AUD/SUD issues. This kind of book group could be led by a member of a harm reduction group or at least in partnership with one. The book group could revolve around books that address the socio-economic issues that have led to the increase in AUD/SUD in the United States. Books that examine the history of the war on drugs or the slow roll back of social services since the late 1970s may address some of these issues and build awareness in participants without devolving into group therapy. This kind of book group would also be accessible to those who may not suffer from AUD/SUD but want to be more aware of these historical issues. 

Facilitation Guide Essentials

• Structure and Ground Rules: Open-ended questions, guidelines for respectful interaction, clear boundaries on what’s expected (reading required? ok to listen?).
• Contextual Resources: Book reviews, author interviews, related articles, historical or cultural context, and further reading lists.
• Balance Between Direction and Autonomy: Some groups thrive with minimal guidance, empowering participants to lead; others appreciate a more structured approach.
• Inclusivity: Address needs for multiple languages, options for low-pressure participation, and meeting attendees where they are.

Plan a pop-up book group. Consider a community partner to help promote to potential attendees. Talk about potential venue, meeting time, reading selection, guest speaker and/or facilitator, conversation starters, anything else you can think of. Plan a limited series of discussions. Choose a single topic or multiple topics. Talk about the length of the series, types of programming.

Creative Marketing Strategies

• In-Library & Community Outreach: Displays, bookmarks, shelf-talkers, flyers, and partnership with community orgs or local media.
• Thematic Programming: Pair events with Awareness Months, pop culture (e.g., Jane Austen teas, Bridgerton tie-ins), seasonal or themed series.
• Social Engagement: First-chapter teasers, book tastings, show-and-tell events, incentivized participation (summer reading points, potlucks).
• Off-Site and Pop-Up Groups: Collaborate with cafes, bars, bookshops, or community centers for wider reach; pop-up clubs or one-off conversations on topical issues.
• Virtual & Hybrid Options: Use Facebook groups, Zoom, and flexible participation modes to boost accessibility.

Shelf talkers where the book of the month is shelved; advertise at nontraditional library partnerships; using library liaisons/outreach to market; book clubs about local events; costumes to match book-post pictures to share

Bookmarks with all of the book clubs and what they are reading; book display (highlight book group); flyers; tie-in programming to promo group; book displays of books with different interests (tie fiction with non-fiction, book with other media, movies/tv/music).

Programming Around Sensitive Topics (SUD/AUD)

• Expertise and Partnerships: Collaborate with trained professionals (therapists), peer-led harm reduction groups, or those with lived experience.
• Inclusive Framing: Book groups offer opportunities to “bridge the gap” between participants and allies, focusing on book themes such as history, policy, or lived experience without making it group therapy.
• Light-Touch, Low-Commitment, Low-barrier Events: Record listening parties, silent book clubs, fandom clubs, craft activities, board game groups, or informal spaces that welcome those hesitant to join a traditional book club are all viable means of inviting people to the library for informal discussions or simply sharing space. 
• Choice of Books: Socioeconomic, self-help, or spirituality-focused books create an approachable entry point for discussion.

A pop up conversation about homelessness using an article, invite people with lived experience. Listen to patrons and see what they’re talking about–what are they asking for? Ask: Is the library an appropriate setting?  Should it be off site?

Telling your own story seems like it should be a part of an [SUD] group, it intersects with bibliotherapy so we should invite an outside expert facilitator. Perhaps host a book recommendation party–tell others about a book that changed your life.  Like a book show and tell.

Reading group success is built on patron engagement, thoughtful inclusion, strong partnerships, creative outreach, and a willingness to adapt. The consensus is clear: flexible, participant-driven models and strong community ties set reading groups up for impact and sustainability.

Session 4: Outreach and Marketing SUD/AUD programs to different demographic groups (Beth Hill and Mirna Herrera)

Many libraries today are hiring or hosting social workers, peer navigators, and social service agency staff for office hours or outreach. These employees can fill a gap by maintaining resource guides, “street sheets,” food/hygiene pantries, and acting as community connectors, even if social work staff and/or funding are sporadic. They are trained to aid and de-escalate mental health crises, substance use, disruptive patron behaviors, violence, and hygiene issues. They provide preventative support and help patrons feel seen and supported.

There are both formal (contracts, grants, practicum placements for social work students) and informal (attending community meetings, inviting partners to use library space) means to obtain social services support. Even when no formal partner is present, staff and volunteers take on elements of peer support, especially in smaller or rural library settings. Support staff can help reduce burdens on security, improve relationships with patrons, and contribute to a safer atmosphere. Peers navigators may be especially trusted resources, potentially preventing crises before they escalate.

Social workers and others in that role can have a transformative impact on libraries, leading to a deeper investment in community support.

Key Community Partners: 

Common partners include local mental health agencies, public health departments, harm reduction organizations, shelters, food pantries, legal aid, 12-step/recovery groups, probation/parole offices, faith-based organizations, school programs, adult education centers, sexual health/hygiene resource providers, and community coalitions. Models for collaboration might vary depending on library size or geographic location. For instance, larger libraries might be able to connect to academic institutions for student placements, while smaller libraries can leverage local nonprofits and volunteer groups. Libraries often serve as conveners, bringing multiple agencies together, or providing space for coalitions and one-stop “Resource Days.” Resource days or fairs can offer a way to center the library as a resource and a viable partner.

Barriers and Challenges

• Sustainability and Consistency: Grant funding is time-limited, leading to lapses in service. It can be difficult to sustain services when partners’ attendance is inconsistent or when library staffing/resources are stretched.
• Structural Barriers: Transportation problems, including a lack of public transit
• Language, cultural, and beliefs: Low literacy and digital literacy, as well as differences in language and/or culture, can limit access to services. Low community “buy-in” and stigma around mental health, substance use, and homelessness can also limit or delay service delivery. On the other hand, libraries are often seen as a more “palatable” place to receive these services and don’t (generally speaking) suffer the same stigma or unpopularity as institutions that other social service providers do.
• Internal Resistance: Staff and board members may resist due to perceived “scope creep” and concerns about safety, liability, or lack of capacity/training due to the complex social needs. There also might be a difference in perspective between frontline staff and administration/board regarding how social services fit into the mission of the library, which complicates implementation.

There’s really no reliable public transportation. Community organizations are not connected with one another, making moving through the continuum of care or services difficult. We are currently working with many partners to do events that bring together the community, but also bring together the providers/organizations so they can get connected with each other. Lack of spaces to be after library hours or other organizations’ open hours makes keeping documents together difficult. 

Library directors or frontline staff may not know the place, have stigma and bias, have never been on food stamps themselves, etc. Library directors or upper staff may have degreed librarians who know the reference interview, but the frontline assistants don’t – training to have redundancy in abilities and ownership over the work. Sometimes the board supports everything the director wants, and sometimes not. And you don’t know and it is place-dependent and board development dependent. 

Best Practices and Solutions

• Communication and Setting Expectations: The library should communicate clear and consistent messages to staff and patrons about what services the library and partners can and can’t offer. Managing patron expectations prevents escalation and disappointment.
• Consistency in Small Actions: Focus on reliably meeting basic needs (food, socks, hygiene kits) is often more impactful than sporadic big efforts.
• Smart use of resources: Consider repurposing study rooms for remote social worker appointments or providing access to technology for telehealth. Distribute resource lists or street sheets, and keep 211 directories up to date.
• Empowering Community Voices: Include those with lived experience (peer navigators, recovery coaches) to foster trust, leading to better de-escalation and engagement.
• Prevent, Acknowledge, and Abate Staff Burnout: Recognize compassion fatigue/burnout among library and peer support staff, and provide training, and peer support for staff themselves. Field trips to partner organizations’ worksites and cross-training can inspire, build empathy, and break down internal stigmas.

Have a list to reference from – resources, “street sheet,” something to hand out and for staff to be aware of, deputize people to tackle certain things (food, shelters, etc.)

GET OVER the fact that each library only serves its own taxpayers, and make sure libraries are supporting each other with ideas and even services…libraries (and other agencies) can work together better and more fluidly. 

Funding and Sustainability Strategies

Grants from foundations, the United Way, nonprofit organizations, or other mental health organizations can kickstart a program. Collaborative grants can be especially compelling to granting organizations. However, leveraging local businesses and city/county funding can bring more sustainability to programs. Partnerships with academic institutions can help with personnel, but student interns have limitations and supervision requirements. Working with coalitions, sharing resources, and looking for ways to avoid duplication of services across various organizations helps stretch limited funding. 

Summary

• Libraries are safe havens: Emphasize that the library can serve as a neutral space for accessing public benefits and social support. Partner with other organizations to allow unhoused people to use the library as a mailing address. 
• Programs and Events: Use creative programming (e.g., “Resource Access Days,” community meals, storytelling workshops for people impacted by the justice system) to increase outreach opportunities. Libraries can also serve as venues for legal aid, health screenings, food distribution, and even showers. 
• Flexibility and Adaptation: Libraries must be ready to modify or wind down programs as funding, staffing, or community needs change. Success often depends on adaptability, collaboration, and continual needs assessment.

Our library made a daily food list with hot meals and sack lunches on the front and harm reduction things (naloxone, STI testing, domestic violence, homeless shelter) so that security can provide to customers who are struggling with the customer conduct policy.

Outside orgs have office hours in the library.  We wanted to have a community pantry, but the city said they wouldn’t let us do it, so we put it on the partner’s site, but the library staff maintains it.  They have a fridge, pantry, hygiene supplies, etc.. There are a lot of woods near this center, and the unhoused come out of the woods to access the pantry, which has upset some residents.  The pantry is open 24/7.  It’s been successful, but they’ve had to work through some problems.  Community partners donate items for the pantry, and some community members volunteer who donate and shop for the pantry.  The pantry has its own Facebook group.

Libraries are key hubs for social services, not just by connecting patrons to outside help, but increasingly as hosts and co-creators of services. Consistency, clear communication, collaboration, and adaptability—especially in the face of limited resources—are critical. The presence of social workers and peer navigators not only supports vulnerable individuals but also helps the library fulfill its community role more safely, equitably, and sustainably.

Session 5: Libraries and Social Connections (Brooke Doyle)

Libraries are more than access points for materials—they are vital hubs for social connection that can mitigate loneliness and isolation. Social connection is essential for both mental and physical health. Belonging is tied to personal and community well-being; it is a necessity. The library is some people’s main or only source of social interaction. 

Connections are crucial. 

Social connection can be life-changing—and for some, life-saving. Group connections create opportunities for advocacy and empowerment, decreasing stigma and providing a sense of safety and belonging. Libraries serve as safe zones or neutral spaces, which are especially critical for isolated, elderly, or marginalized individuals. Libraries may be the only place where some unhoused or vulnerable people feel seen or heard. Events like memory cafés or parent groups can create friendships that extend beyond the library. Remember, though, that connection looks different for everyone. Programs and spaces should reflect a wide scope of “ways to belong.”

Helping people learn HOW to start their own groups – the library can help people take the setup or convene the topic, or the group, so that people can get started with the learning (crochet, knit, etc.) 

(like in our city, a mahjong teacher came so that a customer who requested it could meet other people who want to play and keep playing. That was over 20 years ago.

Library Strategies for Fostering Social Connections

Programming 

Solicit ideas from patrons (and staff!) about what would make them feel connected, and partner with local organizations or experts for broader reach. When possible, incorporate food, art, music, and tactile elements.

There are many successful active programs that libraries can recreate to encourage social interaction. Active approaches include therapy dogs, exercise classes, scavenger hunts, outreach to community events, social media engagement, book groups, silent book club, and adult story time; game nights, craft clubs, and themed events like “Books and Brews” or “mocktail hour,” after-hours events, vendor markets, plant swaps, and music events. Nontraditional programs, like Death Café, armchair travel, wrestling, Lucha Libre, PowerPoint parties, sober prom, and memory cafes, are also worth considering. 

Life skills classes for teens, and teaching the teens how to administer Narcan. Hosting human libraries or similar ideas.  Talk to the staff and the public. They are some of your best assets, and know what people are asking for. Also, host a Dungeons and Dragons group.

Passive programming ideas include station-based or drop-in activities, such as community puzzles, art installations, coloring sheets, suggestion boxes, and “Would You Rather” displays are all good options to encourage organic interaction. 

Include passive activities so that people can attend as they are able – engagement on your own time and schedule, like jigsaw puzzles or “ghost” chess setup so people take turns playing the game cooperatively. 

New ideas that were proposed during group work include StoryLab for Recovering Individuals, personal poetry generators, writer’s guilds, recovery listening sessions, multilingual meetups, “Welcoming Library: I’m Your Neighbor” book collections, grief groups, and caregivers meetups.

Parents need adult socialization, so intentionally leaving time for caregiver socializing after storytime programs can be very valuable. In fact, it is good practice to build in some unstructured time for socializing after programs whenever possible.

Adjust programming based on attendance and feedback. 

Physical Spaces

Consider how to create spaces that encourage social connections. For instance, a designated café, maker space, seating areas with flexible and modular furniture, “corralled” areas for kids, and “Classics Corner” for older adults can all be spaces that encourage interaction. However, the library should also recognize that some individuals will also want space for quiet study or to observe rather than participate. Create varied, flexible, and accessible seating and multi-use spaces. Separate spaces for different activities (quiet, social, family, youth), and pay close attention to signage, translation, color & welcoming aesthetics. Go above and beyond ADA compliance.

Think movable and modular. Our learning center can be completely emptied or rearranged in a huge variety of ways with tables and chairs – it is intentionally designed. When you have storytime, you need chairs that support older adults and grandparents, too. Make sure that wheelchairs and strollers fit everywhere and are accessible and welcoming. Do a walking and rolling audit of your spaces. 

Staff and Internal Connection

Employees also need social connections. Resource groups, feedback boards for staff, and after-hours staff engagement can create opportunities for engagement. Recognize that some staff need time away, though. 

Setting and Maintaining Boundaries

For Staff: Create policies and hold staff training to help them set limits (e.g., no giving cash, rides, or personal contact outside library role) and establish institutional clarity about the librarian’s role (not social worker or therapist) and consistent enforcement of behavior expectations. Create intergenerational learning about boundaries among staff. Younger staff members might have different expectations from older ones, and people need to understand and respect each other’s comfort zones. 

For Patrons: Clearly establish what is and isn’t appropriate behavior or conversation, and ensure that staff feel empowered to say “no” or redirect as needed.

Make sure staff have the capacity and time to actually attend the “fun” work social things. Schedule staff the time to do the things you want them to prioritize. Recognize the huge value of interacting with folks at other libraries and other workplaces/partners in the communities. Give staff a sense of belonging, because on their yuckiest day, the customer is going to feel it from the staff.

Make sure your staff know that customers can’t get in your car, and you can’t give people cash.

Understand what IS allowed as wiggle room, and what the expectations are for how to handle situations. 

Policies have to protect the vulnerable people AND the staff, and the naive people.

Materials & Marketing for Connection

Flyers and posters should showcase a range of patrons and use inclusive imagery and language. Events and materials are advertised in multiple languages and formats and are deposited in trusted community locations (not just the library). Marketing should overexplain and prepare people for what to expect, lowering anxiety about participation.

Overexplain what the event will be like – create a sense of expectation by being clear about what it’s like. 

Avoid jargon and confusing words, include imagery that represents the demographic of the community, and make sure marketing is in trusted businesses and community-gathering spaces.

Summary

Libraries are not just information centers; they are community anchors. Through thoughtful program and space design, awareness of vulnerable populations’ needs, staff support, and intentional engagement strategies, libraries fulfill a crucial social and public health role. Connection and belonging matter to both the sustainability of the library and the welfare of its community.

Final Reflections and Looking Ahead

The final session provided 1.5 hours for participants to reflect on the conference as a whole, and prompted participants to write down: (1) the first steps that they intend to take to implement what they learned at the conference ; (2) the pain points in their own communication about SUD programming in the library; (3) how to create social connections in the library; and (4) the toolkit must-haves. Note that a replicable toolkit will be the final product of this project. This section summarizes participants’ responses to the final session.

First steps

The participants had different tactics that they were planning to take within the next few months. 

1. Internal communication and culture: They said that one immediate step that they plan to take is debriefing their coworkers on the themes and what they learned during the forum, especially focusing on meeting with other adult program managers to open a path for new programs. Others mentioned using their upcoming performance meeting with their manager to convince them to participate in Project SAFE (Substance Abuse Free Environment Communities). 

2. Statewide communication and culture: Create events for statewide library association conferences to start a dialogue on how libraries can address SUD, implement harm reduction methods, and foster social connections in their community. They also expressed some recognition that there might be obstacles to some efforts (e.g., harm reduction strategies).

3. Public communication: Communicating with the community, especially utilizing social media, would reinforce to the public that the library is a beacon for help and resources. This will also allow the library to elevate the voices of people who are in recovery. 

4. Reaching out to partners: Recovery centers and others will know of gaps in services in the area. The library can serve as a clearinghouse to bring people together and create resource lists so that people are able to find the help that they need, when they need it. They also plan to strengthen their relationship with the Harm Reduction Project. 

5. Reduce isolation: Many libraries offer exercise sessions, including walking groups, as a low-barrier entry point for reducing isolation.

Support Needs

Participants were asked to reflect on what they would like to get better at. The intention of this was to help guide the conversation around toolkit creation – what it should include that we had not thought about yet. 

1. Convincing people that this is necessary: One hard part of this will be overcoming hurdles with people in their community who feel like they will never be touched by SUD and see these efforts as too radical. It also includes communicating with people about the history of SUD and how we have arrived at this point, and helping people realize that SUD is not a moral failure of individuals but rather a larger societal problem that includes classism and racism.

2. Communicating and engaging with people experiencing SUD: This includes asking people if they feel unsafe or uncomfortable, adopting people-first language, and learning terms to avoid. They also mentioned that they need help running focus groups and collecting personal stories and family stories around SUD, and stories of success. 

More general concerns included needing more guidance about how to run focus groups to create effective programs for their area, and getting people to see the library as a public health institution, which justifies their work in SUD reduction. They want to create a message that works for their community.

Combining Social Connections, Recovery, and Libraries:

We asked the participants to imagine what the main themes of the forum would look like if enacted in their library setting:

1. Recovery is not simply being off substances. There are varying definitions of recovery and steps in recovery. While some experts and programs advocate that total sobriety from substances is the only viable definition, others emphasize recovery is a process, and any positive change is progress; there are good days and bad days. One way to think about recovery is being free to live to one’s full potential. Furthermore, there are many paths to recovery. The 12 steps of AA and NA are the most well-known, but other paths, such as SMART Recovery, might be better for some people. Librarians may see the value in distributing information about the variety of recovery options.

2. We can save lives, and we can teach others how to save lives. Harm reduction strategies provide people the opportunity to live life to their full potential.

3. We can help people understand the process of recovery. Many people (families, friends, community) are impacted by substance use beyond those experiencing the addiction/disorder. 

4. We can emphasize the relationship between SUD, affordable housing, other societal problems, and underlying medical issues. Solutions to problems, therefore, will need to be adapted to each community.

5. Reiterate that the purpose of the library is to bring resources to the people who need them and to provide full equity of opportunities and access to those resources. Libraries are trusted, and we can set a new tone for our community on this topic.

Toolkit Must-Haves:

Finally, we sought their guidance regarding the toolkit. What must it include? The following is a summarized list of recommendations.

Definitions and Facts

• Terms
• Info about substances, myths, & facts
• Examples of person-first language & terms to avoid
• Literature, statistics, and resources that show the research to show to the public and decision-makers
• A list of organizations & recovery groups

Getting Started

• First steps and meeting people where they are (a bad day does not equal a bad person)
• How to start a conversation about libraries and SUD support, and create a team that can work together to create programs and/or services
• Creating a culture where both people experiencing SUD and their families know that they can ‘meet at the library’ for resources, including SAMHSA (Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration) resources
• SWOT Analysis: How does the library fit in? How do we address barriers to implementing SUD programming in our libraries and the larger profession?
• Get creative with programming around opportunities
• Breaking the stigma around SUD and harm reduction and finding the best ways to distribute resources in a judgment-free, anonymous location

Financials

• What are the sources of funding for SUD programming?
• How can we use our limited resources to make a difference and avoid a scarcity mindset while doing more with less? What tools do we have for implementing SUD programming during budget and program cuts?
• Describe small steps that graduate to a full program budget, especially if the library (management, board) is resistant
• Leverage the power of partnerships – people already doing the work, including with faith-based organizations and multi-cultural organizations. The library can serve as the ‘resource broker’ or connector between different organizations.

Communication, policy, and legal 

There were a number of legal and policy issues that were intertwined with general questions about the logistics of SUD programming, which included framing conversations and communications effectively. The participants specifically asked for:

• Examples of policies and procedures around Narcan. Provide crisis policies & procedures (e.g., Urban Libraries Unite has created some).
• Templates for letters to legislators, etc.
• Templates for talking points and elevator speeches for community, boards, managers, etc., that influence policies and procedures
• Examples of effective imagery and flyers to replicate (i.e., marketing templates)
• Library workers can insert themselves in other organizations (e.g., homeless or harm reduction commissions) to increase the library’s visibility. They can just show up to meetings or become more involved by chairing or serving on boards. 

Education:

• Training Resources for Staff
• Resources to redirect/empower staff & patrons
• Resources for prevention and talking to young people
• Creating a community of practice in the state/region to bring harm reduction programs and resources to libraries
• Generally, ways to stay curious & continue to learn (e.g., webinar notifications, learning resources, etc., like WebJunction). AA and NA have open meetings, for anyone interested in recovery.

Other

• Examples! Rural & urban examples of successful initiatives
• Metrics and frameworks for goals and evaluation 
• How to start new kinds of book clubs
• How and when to go rogue when the program’s suggestions do not gain support

Conclusion

This conference brought together over fifty library workers from across the United States to learn about harm reduction, SUD support, bibliotherapy, reading groups, and social connections in libraries. Participants are also tasked to comment on, revise, and provide advisory services to ensure that the toolkit will be usable and applicable for libraries in different states, serving a variety of demographics. 

References

Blackburn, J. (2019). Stories of recovery: Finding hope and help. National Library of Medicine. https://www.nnlm.gov/funding/funded/outreach-297-stories-recovery-finding-hope-and-help 

Bossaller, J., Long, B. S., & Vardell, E. (2023). Connections are the opposite of addiction: Reading recovery groups in public libraries. Public Library Quarterly, 43(1). doi: 10.1080/01616846.2023.2223100

Brewster, L., Sen, B., & Cox, A. (2013). Mind the gap: Do librarians understand service user perspectives on bibliotherapy? Library Trends, 61(3), 569-586. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2013.0001 

Chant, I. (2017). Peer navigators bring “lived experience” to DPL social work team. Library Journal. https://www.libraryjournal.com/story/peer-navigators-bring-lived-experience-to-dpl-social-work-team 

Dali, K., Corey, S., Kwan, A., McNiff, L., Vendrova, P., & Weigel, B. (2016). Biblio or therapy? https://bibliotherapyforlibrarians.wordpress.com/

Grove, C. (2020). Libraries and the substance abuse crisis: Supporting your community. American Library Association.

Ingram, I., Kelly, P. J., Deane, F. P., Baker, A. L., Goh, M. C., Raftery, D. K., & Dingle, G. A. (2020). Loneliness among people with substance use problems: A narrative systematic review. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(5), 447-483.

Lenstra, N., & Peritore, N. (2024). Public Library Partnerships for Public Health: Health in all Policies (HiAP) as a New Conceptual Framework for LIS Teaching and Research. Journal of Education for Library and Information Science, 65(2), 216-225.

Perdue, M. (2006). A critical need: Libraries can play a crucial role in helping people with substance abuse problems. American Libraries.

Philbin, M. M., Parker, C. M., Flaherty, M. G., & Hirsch, J. S. (2019). Public libraries: A community-level resource to advance population health. Journal of community health, 44, 192-199.

Ross, C. S., McKechnie, L. E., & Rothbauer, P. M. (2018). Reading still matters: What the research reveals about reading, libraries, and community. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.

Saricks, J. G. (2005). Readers’ advisory service in the public library. American Library Association.

Tocker Foundation. (2024). Together we heal: Exploring peer mental health support at the library. OCLC/WebJunction. https://www.webjunction.org/news/webjunction/mental-health-peer-support-at-the-library.html 

U.S. Office of the Surgeon General (2023). Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation: the U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf

Walwyn, O., & Rowley, J. (2011). The value of therapeutic reading groups organized by public libraries. Library & Information Science Research, 33(4), 302-312.

Ward, J. H., & Allred, N. A. (2024). The librarian’s guide to bibliotherapy. ALA Editions.

Bibliography

Here if we like we can add in other resources not in the reference list.

• A toolkit for libraries developed by the Colorado State Library in partnership with the Colorado Consortium for Prescription Drug Abuse Prevention – https://corxconsortium.org/libraries/
• National Harm Reduction Coalition website – https://harmreduction.org/issues/overdose-prevention/ – includes an entire resource library