{"id":888,"date":"2025-06-24T17:30:53","date_gmt":"2025-06-24T17:30:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/?page_id=888"},"modified":"2025-07-16T21:01:17","modified_gmt":"2025-07-16T21:01:17","slug":"first-person-language-words-to-use-and-words-to-avoid","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/first-person-language-words-to-use-and-words-to-avoid\/","title":{"rendered":"First-Person Language: Words to use and words to avoid"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When you begin working with people who use, abuse, or are addicted to substances, you might be unsure or worried about how to address them to create a welcoming atmosphere in the library. As we know, words matter. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.recoveryanswers.org\/research-post\/people-treatment-prefer-medically-accurate-person-first-language-good-to-ask\/#:~:text=Of%20the%20studies%20that%20have,with%20a%20list%20of%20terms\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.recoveryanswers.org\/research-post\/people-treatment-prefer-medically-accurate-person-first-language-good-to-ask\/#:~:text=Of%20the%20studies%20that%20have,with%20a%20list%20of%20terms\">It is good to ask people how they want to be described<\/a>. People in 12-step programs might prefer to use the term &#8216;addict&#8217; or &#8216;alcoholic.&#8217;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The following information about person-first language is from the <a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction\">National Institute on Drug Abuse<\/a> and is in the public domain. It was written for healthcare providers but adapted for library workers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This page offers background information and tips for providers to keep in mind while using person-first language, as well as terms to avoid to reduce stigma and negative bias when discussing addiction. For similar information for patients, visit NIDA\u2019s&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research-topics\/addiction-science\/words-matter-preferred-language-talking-about-addiction\">Words Matter: Preferred Language for Talking About Addiction<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Stigma and Addiction<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is stigma?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Stigma is a discrimination against an identifiable group of people, a place, or a nation. Stigma about people with SUD might include inaccurate or unfounded thoughts like&nbsp;they are dangerous, incapable of managing treatment, or at fault for their condition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where does stigma come from?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For people with an SUD, stigma may stem from antiquated and inaccurate beliefs that addiction is a moral failing, instead of what we know it to be\u2014a chronic, treatable disease from which patients can recover and continue to lead healthy lives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How does stigma affect people with SUD?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Feeling stigmatized can reduce the willingness of individuals with SUD to seek treatment.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>1,2<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Stigmatizing views of people with SUD are common; this stereotyping can lead others to feel pity, fear, anger, and a desire for social distance from people with an SUD.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How can we change stigmatizing behavior?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>When talking to people with SUD, their loved ones, and your colleagues, use non-stigmatizing language that reflects an accurate, science-based understanding of SUD and is consistent with your professional role.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Use person-first language and let individuals choose how they are described.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>4<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;Person-first language maintains the integrity of individuals as whole human beings\u2014by removing language that equates&nbsp;people to their condition or has negative connotations.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>5<\/sup><\/a>&nbsp;For example, \u201cperson with a substance use disorder\u201d has a neutral tone and distinguishes the person from his or her diagnosis.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Terms to avoid, terms to use, and why<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Consider using these recommended terms to reduce stigma and negative bias when talking about addiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Instead of\u2026<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Use&#8230;<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Because&#8230;<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Addict<\/td><td>Person with substance use disorder<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/td><td rowspan=\"8\">Person-first language. The change shows that a person \u201chas\u201d a problem, rather than \u201cis\u201d the problem.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a>The terms\u00a0avoid eliciting negative associations, punitive attitudes, and individual blame.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>User<\/td><td>Person with OUD or person with opioid addiction (when substance in use is opioids)<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Junkie<\/td><td>Person in active use; use the person\u2019s name, and then say &#8220;is in active use.&#8221;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Alcoholic<\/td><td>Person with alcohol use disorder<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Drunk<\/td><td>Person who misuses alcohol\/engages in unhealthy\/hazardous alcohol use<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Former addict<\/td><td>Person in recovery or long-term recovery<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Reformed addict<\/td><td>Person who previously used drugs<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Instead of\u2026<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Use&#8230;<\/th><th class=\"has-text-align-center\" data-align=\"center\">Because&#8230;<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Habit<\/td><td>Substance use disorderDrug addiction<\/td><td>Inaccurately implies that a person is choosing to use substances or can choose to stop.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a>\u201cHabit\u201d may undermine the seriousness of the disease.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Abuse<\/td><td><strong>For illicit drugs:<\/strong>Use<strong>For prescription medications:<\/strong>MisuseUsed other than prescribed<\/td><td>The term \u201cabuse\u201d was found to have a high association with negative judgments and punishment.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a>Legitimate use of prescription medications is limited to their use as prescribed by the person to whom they are prescribed.&nbsp; Consumption outside these parameters is misuse.&nbsp;<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Opioid substitution replacement therapyMedication-assisted treatment (MAT)<\/td><td>Opioid agonist therapyPharmacotherapyAddiction medicationMedication for a substance use disorderMedication for opioid use disorder (MOUD)<\/td><td>It is a misconception that medications merely \u201csubstitute\u201d one drug or \u201cone addiction\u201d for another.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>6<\/sup><\/a>The term MAT implies that medication should have a supplemental or temporary role in treatment. Using \u201cMOUD\u201d aligns with the way other psychiatric medications are understood (e.g., antidepressants, antipsychotics), as critical tools that are central to a patient\u2019s treatment plan.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Clean<\/td><td><strong>For toxicology screen results:<\/strong>Testing negative<strong>For non-toxicology purposes:<\/strong>Being in remission or recoveryAbstinent from drugsNot drinking or taking drugsNot currently or actively using drugs<\/td><td>Use clinically accurate, non-stigmatizing terminology the same way it would be used for other medical conditions.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a>Set an example with your own language when treating patients who might use stigmatizing slang.Use of such terms may evoke negative and punitive implicit cognitions.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Dirty<\/td><td><strong>For toxicology screen results:<\/strong>Testing positive<strong>For non-toxicology purposes:<\/strong>Person who uses drugs<\/td><td>Use clinically accurate, non-stigmatizing terminology the same way it would be used for other medical conditions.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>9<\/sup><\/a>May decrease patients\u2019 sense of hope and self-efficacy for change.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Addicted baby<\/td><td>Baby born to mother who used drugs while pregnantBaby with signs of withdrawal from prenatal drug exposureBaby with neonatal opioid withdrawal\/neonatal abstinence syndromeNewborn exposed to substances<\/td><td>Babies cannot be born with addiction because addiction is a behavioral disorder\u2014they are simply born manifesting a withdrawal syndrome.Use clinically accurate, non-stigmatizing terminology the same way it would be used for other medical conditions.<a href=\"https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/nidamed-medical-health-professionals\/health-professions-education\/words-matter-terms-to-use-avoid-when-talking-about-addiction#ref\"><sup>10<\/sup><\/a>Using person-first language can reduce stigma.<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"ref\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5937046\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5937046<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5854406\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5854406<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10826084.2019.1581221?journalCode=isum20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/10826084.2019.1581221?journalCode=isum20<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31140667\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/31140667<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/6th-edition-resources\/nonhandicapping-language\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/6th-edition-resources\/nonhandicapping-language<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/whitehouse.gov\/files\/images\/Memo%20-%20Changing%20Federal%20Terminology%20Regrading%20Substance%20Use%20and%20Substance%20Use%20Disorders.pdf\">https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/sites\/whitehouse.gov\/files\/images\/Memo%20-%20Changing%20Federal%20Terminology%20Regrading%20Substance%20Use%20and%20Substance%20Use%20Disorders.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>www.thenationalcouncil.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/10\/Substance-Use-Teminology.pdf<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2018-44736-001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2018-44736-001<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0955395909001546?via%3Dihub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0955395909001546?via%3Dihub<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/article-abstract\/1838170\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/jamanetwork.com\/journals\/jama\/article-abstract\/1838170<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">November 29, 2021<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When you begin working with people who use, abuse, or are addicted to substances, you might be unsure or worried about how to address them to create a welcoming atmosphere in the library. As we know, words matter. It is good to ask people how they want to be described. People in 12-step programs might &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/first-person-language-words-to-use-and-words-to-avoid\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue reading<span class=\"screen-reader-text\"> &#8220;First-Person Language: Words to use and words to avoid&#8221;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_crdt_document":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-888","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/888","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=888"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/888\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":894,"href":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/888\/revisions\/894"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lacl.missouri.edu\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=888"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}